Since 2020, governments and health bodies have confronted unrivalled provocations in response to the global COVID-19 pandemic. Initially, authorities adopted traditional strategies of contact tracing, which utilised the information from infected individuals to identify those who may have been exposed to COVID-19 as a result of close contact. Electronic methods of contact tracing swiftly emerged to supplement this practice. However, it became increasingly apparent that this medium posed a potential risk of leaking private metadata (Tiwari et al; 2019).