Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most significant health problems of today’s time. Three  dimensional culture models area major tool used by researchers to study cartilage degeneration associated with OA. The objective was to improve upon current 3D culture models. The hypothesis was that atelocollagen, when added to a hyaluronan matrix, enhances the chondrogenic development of bone-marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Additionally, these 3D cultures can be used to model inflammation-induced cartilage degradation. The experiment was organized into two phases. Phase I focused on the development of cartilage through the 3D culture of MSCs and Phase II, focused on the inflammation-induced degradation of the cultures. Conditioned mediums from naive and inflamed macrophages were added to the cultures after development and they were eventually processed for the purposes of histology and gene expression analysis. During Phase I, atelocollagen added to the hyaluronan matrix, significantly increased the gene expression of COLL II and decreased that of MMP13 when compared to hyaluronan alone, indicating improved matrix formation. This was reflected in histological analyses, as both the change in interstitial matrix and territorial matrix grade were greater in the cultures with atelocollagen. After inflammation exposure, there was a significant decrease in COLLII expression with a concomitant increase in MMP13 expression in both cultures indicating inflammation-induced degradation. Therefore, this new model of developing cartilage from MSC with hyaluronan and atelocollagen creates an articular cartilage model that acts like real cartilage in both healthy and damaged states.

Over the past decade, there have been many significant advances in the field of skin aging, including studies that explore the clearance of senescent (growth-arrested) cells in skin, regenerative therapeutics, and even 3D bioprinting of skin. One of the latest discoveries showed that blocking Interleukin 17 (IL-17) signaling leads to delays in the skin aging process. But how does IL-17, a pro-inflammatory cytokine, delay what has been known as the inevitable hallmarks of skin aging? 

When it comes to the medical field, 3D modeling has previously been used to render anatomical images in greater detail in order to better understand bodily functions. Lately, however, 3D modeling has made waves in depicting diseases, with a focus on their severity and progression. Unlike a model depicting computer graphics, 3D culture models allow cells to interact in three dimensions and better display cell growth and movement, according to the Food and Drug Administration. Culture models are beneficial in replicating the complexities of disease by promoting interactions between cells and providing insight into potential solutions. In this issue of the Journal of Young Investigators, Priscilla Detwieler and her colleagues demonstrate that atelocollagen incorporated in a 3D model is shown to simulate a potential treatment for inflammation-induced osteoarthritis.  

Nurses are at risk of poor sleep health and may be an important target population for sleep interventions. However, little is known about the factors predicting preferences for different sleep intervention types or deliveries. This current study examined the relationship between diverse factors (e.g., sociodemographics, sleep hygiene knowledge, personality) and preferences for various sleep interventions. The data was collected from 86 outpatient nurses. Participants provided their sociodemographic information and completed questionnaires assessing their personality traits, sleep hygiene knowledge and preferences for sleep intervention types and deliveries. Nearly all participants were interested in participating in a sleep intervention (99%). The preferred sleep intervention type among respondents was mindfulness-based training (74%), while an online format (88%) was the most favored delivery method. Those with lower incomes and lower agreeableness were associated with endorsing sleep hygiene education more frequently. Nurses who had more than one child, provided sleep hygiene tips to patients, and demonstrated higher levels of openness and agency were inclined to endorse mindfulness-based training. For sleep intervention delivery, nurses who worked longer hours and nurses who did not provide sleep hygiene tips to patients favored group meetings more highly. Being White Hispanic or a person of color was associated with a higher endorsement of one-on-one meetings. Finally, nurses of a younger age and being a single child parent were associated with a higher endorsement for an online format delivery of sleep interventions. Findings from this study may help inform the planning, recruitment, and implementation of future interventions aimed to improve sleep health in nurses, and further, in other vulnerable healthcare workers.

The Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) model has found that ≤ 2% by volume of discontinuous fiber is favorable for strain-hardening behavior and enhanced ductility in commercial concrete. Using this model, we attempted to mechanically optimize injectable calcium phosphate bone grafts via fiber reinforcement of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and gelatin polymer fibers. Results displayed significant decreases in the bone grafts’ hardness after the 1–2% CNC critical point (p < 0.001) due to fibril agglomeration, which likely prompted internal cracking and lowered the samples’ tolerance for plastic deformation. In support, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy displayed decreased levels of cellulose-gelatin hydrogen bonding after this critical point due to decreases in transmittance broadening. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed that low-fiber CNC samples exhibited extensive microcracking compared to higher-fiber CNC samples, which contained larger cracks and fiber aggregates, indicating catastrophic failure and reduced hydrogen bonding between cellulose and gelatin.

Performing enzyme assays is a fundamental skill that students in our lab learn as they are introduced to the subject of biochemistry. In the typical undergraduate biochemistry curriculum, students usually only learn one method to evaluate enzyme kinetics, that is, spectrophotometrically. Little do they realize that catalytic activity can be examined through a diverse range of methods. Therefore, to familiarize our students with advanced chemical equipment and alternative enzyme analysis techniques, we attempted to design and implement a novel enzyme activity assay experiment using 31P NMR spectroscopy. We wanted to explore how using a different technique might impact the ability to evaluate enzyme activity accurately and consistently. By demonstrating the validity of using 31P NMR to measure acid phosphatase activity, we believe our project contributes to the expansion of the applications of NMR spectroscopy beyond structural determination. 

Sharing melanoma survivor stories on online platforms allows survivors to cope with their emotions and share their journey. These freely accessible narratives allow readers who may be going through similar journeys to find unity and gain insight from the narrator’s experiences. These narratives also allow narrators to share advice, such as to avoid mistakes that they may have made. This study analyzed common themes in melanoma narratives posted on the AIM at Melanoma Foundation across 100 narratives across cancer stages 0 to 4. Themes were developed by reading and identifying commonalities among a subset of 10 narratives and by identifying themes from previous research. This content analysis showed that many narrators shared their stories to provide details about their treatment, releasing emotions, sharing advice, spreading hope, and sharing tanning experiences. Overall, this study shows that cancer narratives and their “teachable moments” can be implemented in melanoma prevention campaigns.

Aggression has long been studied and there are many different circumstances that can provoke aggressive behaviors in different species. Serotonin and the level of enrichment of the environment are two variables that can affect an individual’s level of aggression. The study examined how Betta fish aggression was impacted when exposed to a serotonin reuptake inhibitor and an enriched environment. The study did not find a significant change in aggression when Betta fish were exposed to environmental enrichment alone or environmental enrichment and SSRIs simultaneously. However, SSRIs alone did decrease aggressive behaviors. Therefore, this study did not find that SSRIs and environmental enrichment interacted to modulate aggression in Betta fish.

More than 50 years have passed since the Equal Pay Act of 1964, and women are still paid less than men. United States universities claim to be pioneers of social progress and so it is of interest to know whether the gender wage gap exists there. This study sheds light on the academic gender wage gap by comparing the salaries of male and female assistant professors within three years of being hired at selected U.S. public universities. The group of assistant professors are likely to satisfy our exchangeability assumption because early career faculty tend to come with similar experience. Finally, we focus on public university faculty because their salaries are publicly available. The data studied was collected from salary reports from public university systems in 2018 and 2019 under the Freedom of Information Act. Due to the novel way of assigning gender using genderize.io, traditional statistical methods for comparing two populations are not appropriate. For this reason, this study uses permutation-based non parametric tests that are valid for the data. Our study examines the presence of the gender wage gap in U.S. public universities and finds that significantly more women receive lower salaries than men. For example, the proportion of women making less than $10,000 a month is 12% higher than the proportion of men making the same amount. The study concludes that gender disparities within academic disciplines are a considerable factor contributing to the wage gap.

Forward acceleration is an important factor to control in biomechanics studies investigating walking/running, as human kinetics and kinematics vary with changes in acceleration. During overground running studies, acceleration is typically estimated using the net anterior-posterior ground reaction force impulse, as measured with force plates. However, as studies move outside the lab, there is limited validation of alternative methods of quantifying acceleration when force plates are unavailable. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of alternative methods for estimating acceleration in overground running. We evaluated the use of timing lights and motion capture, as indicators of acceleration, to measure change in velocity. We hypothesized that the change in velocity calculated from timing lights and motion capture markers near the center of mass would have a strong positive correlation with the relative anterior-posterior ground reaction force impulse measured with force plates. Ten participants ran in an indoor lab while measurements were collected using timing lights, motion capture and a force plate. The correlation between the relative anterior-posterior impulse and velocity changes measured by timing lights was weak (r = -0.01, r = 0.27 and r = 0.15, respectively). In contrast, the correlation between the relative anterior-posterior impulse and velocity change determined by motion capture was strong (r = 0.81). In studies where force plates are not available, measuring changes in velocity with motion capture is a promising method for calculating and controlling acceleration. However, measuring changes in velocity with timing lights does not show as much promise due to weak correlation values and should therefore be avoided.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) has been estimated to affect about 13% of veterans returning from Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operations Enduring Freedom (OEF). For some veterans, the process of transitioning back to civilian life and learning how to reconnect with others can be complicated by PTSD symptoms. The purpose of this literature review is to understand how peer support services can improve a veteran’s psychological functioning and aid PTSD recovery. Reviewing the literature has revealed reports from veterans involved in peer support groups. These peer support groups have helped in the promotion of social bonds, in gaining a sense of acceptance and belonging, as well as a decrease in PTSD symptoms. The results contribute to identifying a process by which peer support services could positively impact veterans with PTSD.